Filter Designs for Switched Power Converters − Part 1: Overview - In Compliance Magazine

I have always wanted to write articles on FilterAn algorithm or device for removing part(s) of a signal." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/filter/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">filter design. Needless to say, the subject alone can easily spawn a book. This is because, in the world of electronics, we have power filters, transformers, low-frequency filters, digital circuit filters, and AnalogContinuous signal for which the time varying feature (variable) of the signal is a representation of some other time varying quantity." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/analog/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">analog circuit filters. Each design requires its unique and dedicated FilterAn algorithm or device for removing part(s) of a signal." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/filter/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">filter design principles. Additionally, we have different requirements, and it is fair to say that most commercially available filters are designed to meet certain Electromagnetic Compatibility [EMC]The branch of electrical sciences which studies the unintentional generation, propagation and reception of electromagnetic energy with reference to the unwanted effects (electromagnetic interference, or EMI) that such energy may induce." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/electromagnetic-compatibility/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">EMC specifications. Hence, they are most likely designed to work efficiently with the test setup, particularly the Line Impedance Stabilization Network [LISN]A low-pass filter typically placed between ac or dc power source and EUT (Equipment Under Test) to create a known impedance and to provide an RF noise measurement port. It also isolates the unwanted RF signals from the power source." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/line-impedance-stabilization-network/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">line impedance stabilization network (Line Impedance Stabilization Network [LISN]A low-pass filter typically placed between ac or dc power source and EUT (Equipment Under Test) to create a known impedance and to provide an RF noise measurement port. It also isolates the unwanted RF signals from the power source." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/line-impedance-stabilization-network/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">LISN) for conducted emission tests.

Given the numerous points to consider, capturing everything in one article is nearly impossible. My favorite books and articles on this subject are listed in the reference section [1]-[3], and I encourage readers to explore them.

This series of articles focuses primarily on power filters for switched-mode power converters and similar applications. By defining this boundary, I Amplitude Modulation [AM]One of the principal methods of transmitting audio, visual, or other types of information using radio waves, the relevant signal being superimposed onto a radio-frequency carrier wave. The frequency of the carrier wave remains unchanged but its amplitude is varied in accordance with the amplitude of the input signal." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/amplitude-modulation/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">am concentrating on Conducted EmissionsRadio frequency current that flows on one or more conductors connected to an electric circuit, or alternatively, radio frequency voltage between conductors connected to an electric circuit." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/conducted-emissions/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">conducted emissions (from 9 Kilohertz [kHz]Unit of alternating current (AC) or electromagnetic (EM) wave frequency equal to one thousand hertz (1,000 Hz)." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/kilohertz/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">kHz to 110 Megahertz [MHz]Unit of alternating current (AC) or electromagnetic (EM) wave frequency equal to one million hertz (1,000,000 Hz)." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/megahertz/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">MHz) and Radiated EmissionsThe unintentional release of electromagnetic energy from an electronic device or apparatus." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/radiated-emissions/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">radiated emissions (from 30 Megahertz [MHz]Unit of alternating current (AC) or electromagnetic (EM) wave frequency equal to one million hertz (1,000,000 Hz)." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/megahertz/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">MHz to 1 GHz). Although most power supplies also need to meet TransientA high amplitude, short-duration sound at the beginning of a waveform that occurs in phenomena such as musical sounds, noises or speech." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/transient/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">transient protection requirements, we will not cover TransientA high amplitude, short-duration sound at the beginning of a waveform that occurs in phenomena such as musical sounds, noises or speech." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/transient/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">transient protectors in this series. Topics related to harmonics, as well as digital and AnalogContinuous signal for which the time varying feature (variable) of the signal is a representation of some other time varying quantity." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/analog/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">analog circuit FilterAn algorithm or device for removing part(s) of a signal." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/filter/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">filter design, are beyond the scope of this series. When referring to switched power converters and similar applications, I mean power converters such as AC‑DC, DC‑DC, DC-AC, and motor drive applications.

We want to discuss FilterAn algorithm or device for removing part(s) of a signal." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/filter/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">filter design in this specific field because we now live in an era where we aim to electrify everything for the good purpose of making a more sustainable future. In this article, which is Part 1 of the series, I will provide an overview of the FilterAn algorithm or device for removing part(s) of a signal." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/filter/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">filter design principles for switched conversion applications.

First, let us distinguish between the concepts of Electromagnetic Compatibility [EMC]The branch of electrical sciences which studies the unintentional generation, propagation and reception of electromagnetic energy with reference to the unwanted effects (electromagnetic interference, or EMI) that such energy may induce." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/electromagnetic-compatibility/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">EMC and Electromagnetic Interference [EMI]Disturbance that affects an electrical circuit due to either electromagnetic induction or electromagnetic radiation emitted from an external source." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/electromagnetic-interference/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">EMI requirements. When we refer to Electromagnetic Compatibility [EMC]The branch of electrical sciences which studies the unintentional generation, propagation and reception of electromagnetic energy with reference to the unwanted effects (electromagnetic interference, or EMI) that such energy may induce." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/electromagnetic-compatibility/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">EMC (Electromagnetic Compatibility [EMC]The branch of electrical sciences which studies the unintentional generation, propagation and reception of electromagnetic energy with reference to the unwanted effects (electromagnetic interference, or EMI) that such energy may induce." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/electromagnetic-compatibility/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">electromagnetic compatibility), we mean meeting the Electromagnetic Compatibility [EMC]The branch of electrical sciences which studies the unintentional generation, propagation and reception of electromagnetic energy with reference to the unwanted effects (electromagnetic interference, or EMI) that such energy may induce." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/electromagnetic-compatibility/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">electromagnetic compatibility requirements. This entails demonstrating control over Electromagnetic Interference [EMI]Disturbance that affects an electrical circuit due to either electromagnetic induction or electromagnetic radiation emitted from an external source." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/electromagnetic-interference/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">electromagnetic interference (Electromagnetic Interference [EMI]Disturbance that affects an electrical circuit due to either electromagnetic induction or electromagnetic radiation emitted from an external source." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/electromagnetic-interference/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">EMI) by adhering to the emission limits defined by the specific standard relevant to your product application. For instance, if you are designing a power supply for an aircraft, the conducted emission limit defined in Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics [RTCA]A US volunteer organization that develops technical guidance for use by government regulatory authorities and by industry. It has over 200 committees and overall acts as an advisory body to the FAA." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/radio-technical-commission-for-aeronautics/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">RTCA DO-160 is very different from the limits for a commercial application (CISPRComité International Spécial des Perturbations Radioélectriques (CISPR; English: Special international committee on radio interference) was founded to set standards for controlling electromagnetic interference in electrical and electronic devices, and is a part of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/cispr/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">CISPR/Federal Communications Commission [FCC]An independent agency of the United States government, created by Congressional statute (see 47 U.S.C. § 151 and 47 U.S.C. § 154), and with the majority of its commissioners appointed by the current President. The FCC works towards six goals in the areas of broadband, competition, the spectrum, the media, public safety and homeland security." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/federal-communications-commission/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">FCC Class BAmplifiers where the output transistors only conduct during half (180 degrees) of the signal waveform." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/class-b/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">Class B limit). The LISNs used in these two applications differ as well [4], which means you need to understand your source-load impedance to effectively design the FilterAn algorithm or device for removing part(s) of a signal." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/filter/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">filter.

Most of my work involves helping clients meet these Electromagnetic Compatibility [EMC]The branch of electrical sciences which studies the unintentional generation, propagation and reception of electromagnetic energy with reference to the unwanted effects (electromagnetic interference, or EMI) that such energy may induce." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/electromagnetic-compatibility/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">EMC requirements, whether they are the stringent military specifications or the relatively easier industrial emission standards. However, engineers sometimes face unique challenges. For example, a client in the SemiconductorA material whose electrical conductivity is poor at low temperatures but is improved by minute additions of certain substances or by the application of heat, light, or voltage. In its pure form it has electrical conductivity that is usually between that of a metal (such as copper) and that of an insulator (such as glass). Semiconductors are the foundation of modern solid state electronics, including transistors, solar cells, light-emitting diodes(LEDs), quantum dots and digital and analog integrated circuits." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/semiconductor/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">semiconductor manufacturing industry required an extremely EM-quiet environment for their machines to operate accurately. This meant they needed to control the Electromagnetic Interference [EMI]Disturbance that affects an electrical circuit due to either electromagnetic induction or electromagnetic radiation emitted from an external source." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/electromagnetic-interference/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">electromagnetic interference (Electromagnetic Interference [EMI]Disturbance that affects an electrical circuit due to either electromagnetic induction or electromagnetic radiation emitted from an external source." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/electromagnetic-interference/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">EMI) based on their own system requirements. In this scenario, there is no Line Impedance Stabilization Network [LISN]A low-pass filter typically placed between ac or dc power source and EUT (Equipment Under Test) to create a known impedance and to provide an RF noise measurement port. It also isolates the unwanted RF signals from the power source." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/line-impedance-stabilization-network/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">LISN per se, as the power supply design depends solely on their specific system. Consequently, the system’s impedance is unlikely to match a 5 or 50 µH Line Impedance Stabilization Network [LISN]A low-pass filter typically placed between ac or dc power source and EUT (Equipment Under Test) to create a known impedance and to provide an RF noise measurement port. It also isolates the unwanted RF signals from the power source." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/line-impedance-stabilization-network/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">LISN [5].

Although the requirements differ, they all aim to achieve one end goal: operating the product with controlled EM NoiseA measure of undesired noise mixed into the output." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/noise/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">noise to avoid interfering with other equipment and preventing nuisance issues within the product/system itself.

This area is crucial. An Electromagnetic Compatibility [EMC]The branch of electrical sciences which studies the unintentional generation, propagation and reception of electromagnetic energy with reference to the unwanted effects (electromagnetic interference, or EMI) that such energy may induce." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/electromagnetic-compatibility/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">EMC engineer with little or no knowledge of switching converters cannot effectively solve the challenging Electromagnetic Interference [EMI]Disturbance that affects an electrical circuit due to either electromagnetic induction or electromagnetic radiation emitted from an external source." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/electromagnetic-interference/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">EMI issues caused by these converters. Similarly, design engineers with advanced knowledge of complex switching schemes but lacking an understanding of EM theory (particularly the concept of energy in space) will struggle to control emissions.

I highlight this because I experienced it first-hand. During my PhD research on sophisticated switching schemes, I lacked EM knowledge. It was only years later, after understanding EM theory, that I could view the problem from a different perspective. Many Electromagnetic Compatibility [EMC]The branch of electrical sciences which studies the unintentional generation, propagation and reception of electromagnetic energy with reference to the unwanted effects (electromagnetic interference, or EMI) that such energy may induce." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/electromagnetic-compatibility/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">EMC engineers likely have similar stories.

It’s unrealistic to expect Electromagnetic Compatibility [EMC]The branch of electrical sciences which studies the unintentional generation, propagation and reception of electromagnetic energy with reference to the unwanted effects (electromagnetic interference, or EMI) that such energy may induce." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/electromagnetic-compatibility/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">EMC engineers to possess the same level of knowledge of power converters as power electronics design engineers. Electromagnetic Compatibility [EMC]The branch of electrical sciences which studies the unintentional generation, propagation and reception of electromagnetic energy with reference to the unwanted effects (electromagnetic interference, or EMI) that such energy may induce." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/electromagnetic-compatibility/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">EMC engineers have their own disciplines, including testing skills and simulations. However, a basic understanding of power converter fundamentals is always useful.

In my view, the two essential circuits that engineers need to understand are the buck converter and the flyback converter. Why? The buck converter represents the most basic DC-DC step-down converter, widely used in power conversions. Understanding the buck converter helps in understanding other applications, such as boost converters, which are essentially the mirror image of buck converters (as shown in Figure 2 (a) vs (b)).

As shown in Figure 2, most motor drive applications, whether DC brushed motors or brushless DC motors (single-phase or three-phase), are essentially made of buck converters. For instance, three-phase brushless DC motors use hardware that is essentially three synchronous buck converters, regardless of the control method (sinusoidal pulse width ModulationThe process of varying one or more properties of a periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with a modulating signal which typically contains information to be transmitted." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/modulation/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">modulation (PWM), space vector ModulationThe process of varying one or more properties of a periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with a modulating signal which typically contains information to be transmitted." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/modulation/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">modulation (SVM), field orientated control (FOC), etc.). Similarly, the concepts of hot loop and switch nodes in the buck converter apply to motor drive applications. The hot loop areas and the switch nodes are highlighted in Figure 2. The hot loop area is defined as the loop area where the worst di/dt current circulates, indicating a high level of magnetic field (near field). This highlights the importance of reducing this area. The switch node is defined as the worst dv/dt voltage node in the circuit, indicating a high level of changing Electric FieldThe electric force experienced by a motionless electrically charged test particle at any point in space relative to the source(s) of the field." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/electric-field/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">electric field. This underscores the importance of minimizing CapacitanceThe ability of a a component or circuit to store an electric charge." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/capacitance/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">capacitance coupling nearby.

We will discuss the details of how buck converters work and their Electromagnetic Interference [EMI]Disturbance that affects an electrical circuit due to either electromagnetic induction or electromagnetic radiation emitted from an external source." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/electromagnetic-interference/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">EMI characteristics in later articles. So why flyback converters? The biggest disadvantage of a buck converter is that it is not isolated, meaning it does not provide safety isolation. For many applications, system safety requirements necessitate an isolation TransformerA static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive coupling between its winding circuits." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/transformer/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">transformer. Typically, for power levels under 150W, a flyback converter is preferred due to its good balance of efficiency, size, and cost (owing to the small number of components). Such converters are popular in designs like mobile phone and laptop chargers. Therefore, understanding the operation of flyback converters is essential.

Understanding flyback converters helps in understanding other circuits like forward converters. Flyback converters are popular in the power range under 150W. When power requirements increase, we often see topologies such as phase-shift full bridge (PSFB), dual-active-bridge (DAB), LLC, etc. However, the principles of these higher power converters are not far from those of a flyback converter.

Isolated flyback converters are more complex due to their requirement for a TransformerA static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive coupling between its winding circuits." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/transformer/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">transformer. It is worth noting that, unlike the ideal TransformerA static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive coupling between its winding circuits." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/transformer/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">transformer, current does not flow simultaneously in both windings of the flyback TransformerA static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive coupling between its winding circuits." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/transformer/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">transformer but rather functions as an inductor with two windings; a more descriptive name should be “two winding inductor” [6]. In most applications, since the flyback TransformerA static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive coupling between its winding circuits." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/transformer/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">transformer stores energy, an air gap is needed. During power conversion, energy moves from the input bulk CapacitorA passive electronic component that consists of two conductive plates separated by an insulating dielectric." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/capacitor/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">capacitor to the TransformerA static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive coupling between its winding circuits." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/transformer/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">transformer’s air gap and then to the output CapacitorA passive electronic component that consists of two conductive plates separated by an insulating dielectric." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/capacitor/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">capacitor.

The presence of the TransformerA static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive coupling between its winding circuits." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/transformer/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">transformer introduces additional considerations. From an Electromagnetic Compatibility [EMC]The branch of electrical sciences which studies the unintentional generation, propagation and reception of electromagnetic energy with reference to the unwanted effects (electromagnetic interference, or EMI) that such energy may induce." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/electromagnetic-compatibility/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">EMC perspective, the first is leakage Inductancethe ability to store energy in a magnetic field" href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/inductance/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">inductance. The leakage Inductancethe ability to store energy in a magnetic field" href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/inductance/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">inductance of the TransformerA static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive coupling between its winding circuits." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/transformer/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">transformer forms an L-C resonance circuit with the Parasitic CapacitanceAn unavoidable and usually unwanted capacitance that exists between the parts of an electronic component or circuit simply because of their proximity to each other." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/parasitic-capacitance/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">parasitic capacitance of the switching device, causing overshoot and ringing. This is why a snubber circuit is often needed for the converter. This is illustrated in Figure 3.

Another consideration is the Parasitic CapacitanceAn unavoidable and usually unwanted capacitance that exists between the parts of an electronic component or circuit simply because of their proximity to each other." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/parasitic-capacitance/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">parasitic capacitance of the TransformerA static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive coupling between its winding circuits." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/transformer/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">transformer, which includes the primary side, the secondary side, and, most importantly, the CapacitanceThe ability of a a component or circuit to store an electric charge." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/capacitance/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">capacitance between the primary and secondary sides. This determines the common mode current path of the converter, making it standard practice to place capacitors between the primary and secondary sides of the TransformerA static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive coupling between its winding circuits." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/transformer/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">transformer. I haven’t seen many articles discussing how to characterize and test the parasitics of a flyback converter TransformerA static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive coupling between its winding circuits." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/transformer/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">transformer, so we will discuss this in greater detail in subsequent articles.

Both buck and flyback converters generate BroadbandWide bandwidth characteristics of a transmission medium and its ability to transport multiple signals and traffic types simultaneously." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/broadband/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">broadband NoiseA measure of undesired noise mixed into the output." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/noise/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">noise, which is often a significant NoiseA measure of undesired noise mixed into the output." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/noise/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">noise culprit in electronic systems. The concept and consequence of BroadbandWide bandwidth characteristics of a transmission medium and its ability to transport multiple signals and traffic types simultaneously." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/broadband/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">broadband NoiseA measure of undesired noise mixed into the output." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/noise/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">noise is well explained in [7]. In terms of NoiseA measure of undesired noise mixed into the output." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/noise/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">noise profiles, the two circuits discussed above are very similar.

Now that you understand the converter circuits and are familiar with the system Electromagnetic Compatibility [EMC]The branch of electrical sciences which studies the unintentional generation, propagation and reception of electromagnetic energy with reference to the unwanted effects (electromagnetic interference, or EMI) that such energy may induce." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/electromagnetic-compatibility/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">EMC/Electromagnetic Interference [EMI]Disturbance that affects an electrical circuit due to either electromagnetic induction or electromagnetic radiation emitted from an external source." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/electromagnetic-interference/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">EMI requirements, you are ready to design a FilterAn algorithm or device for removing part(s) of a signal." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/filter/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">filter. Filters (except for active filters, which require a microcontroller) are made of passive components, which are relatively simple, such as inductors (L), capacitors (C), and resistors (R). You also have TransientA high amplitude, short-duration sound at the beginning of a waveform that occurs in phenomena such as musical sounds, noises or speech." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/transient/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">transient protection devices, such as MOVs, TVS diodes, etc. Therefore, FilterAn algorithm or device for removing part(s) of a signal." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/filter/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">filter design might seem easy at first glance. The basic FilterAn algorithm or device for removing part(s) of a signal." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/filter/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">filter design flow is as follows:

This is a common scenario I observe in my fieldwork. Engineers sometimes buy an off-the-shelf part and hope it will magically eliminate all NoiseA measure of undesired noise mixed into the output." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/noise/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">noise. In other cases, they simply add some inductors and capacitors without proper calculation. But let’s say you followed Steps 1-5—why might the results still be unsatisfactory?

We will discuss this in greater detail later, but at a top level, here are common areas that engineers often overlook:

Given these considerations, review your approach—are there any missing elements? Additionally, as mentioned earlier, engineers need to understand their source and load impedance (as shown in Figure 1). The performance of a FilterAn algorithm or device for removing part(s) of a signal." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/filter/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">filter heavily depends on these parameters. When a Line Impedance Stabilization Network [LISN]A low-pass filter typically placed between ac or dc power source and EUT (Equipment Under Test) to create a known impedance and to provide an RF noise measurement port. It also isolates the unwanted RF signals from the power source." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/line-impedance-stabilization-network/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">LISN defines the impedance, it’s straightforward. Most commercial off-the-shelf manufacturers design filters based on a defined Line Impedance Stabilization Network [LISN]A low-pass filter typically placed between ac or dc power source and EUT (Equipment Under Test) to create a known impedance and to provide an RF noise measurement port. It also isolates the unwanted RF signals from the power source." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/line-impedance-stabilization-network/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">LISN impedance.

When I started as a power electronics engineer 20 years ago, IGBTs were the go-to devices for medium voltage power conversion and motor drive applications. MOSFETs dominated lower voltage applications. By the early 2010s, advancements in technology had reduced the RDS(on) (on-resistance) of MOSFETs to a few milliohms, enabling higher efficiency and smaller form factor products. Of course, in terms of Electromagnetic Compatibility [EMC]The branch of electrical sciences which studies the unintentional generation, propagation and reception of electromagnetic energy with reference to the unwanted effects (electromagnetic interference, or EMI) that such energy may induce." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/electromagnetic-compatibility/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">EMC/Electromagnetic Interference [EMI]Disturbance that affects an electrical circuit due to either electromagnetic induction or electromagnetic radiation emitted from an external source." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/electromagnetic-interference/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">EMI challenges, we had to deal with tail currents related to IGBTs, reverse recovery charge issues with MOSFETs, and fine-tuning dead time for applications using both devices. Nonetheless, we managed. The switching speeds of MOSFETs increased, but never to a level that was hard to manage.

However, things have changed with the development of wide bandgap devices such as GaN and SiC semiconductors. I write extensively on this subject, which readers can find in [8]. These advancements have had a significant impact on switching speeds, specifically the rise and fall times, creating substantial Electromagnetic Interference [EMI]Disturbance that affects an electrical circuit due to either electromagnetic induction or electromagnetic radiation emitted from an external source." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/electromagnetic-interference/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">EMI challenges.

One trend I have observed is that, in the past, Conducted EmissionsRadio frequency current that flows on one or more conductors connected to an electric circuit, or alternatively, radio frequency voltage between conductors connected to an electric circuit." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/conducted-emissions/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">conducted emissions associated with switched converters were mainly differential mode below a few Megahertz [MHz]Unit of alternating current (AC) or electromagnetic (EM) wave frequency equal to one million hertz (1,000,000 Hz)." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/megahertz/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">MHz, while common mode NoiseA measure of undesired noise mixed into the output." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/noise/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">noise dominated the spectrum above a few Megahertz [MHz]Unit of alternating current (AC) or electromagnetic (EM) wave frequency equal to one million hertz (1,000,000 Hz)." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/megahertz/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">MHz. This pattern no longer holds with wide bandgap devices. Due to their extremely fast switching, common mode NoiseA measure of undesired noise mixed into the output." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/noise/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">noise now dominates even in the low-frequency range. This is not limited to high voltage, high power systems, as demonstrated in [9]. For example, in much smaller power applications like a GaN-based charger (active clamp flyback converter), common mode NoiseA measure of undesired noise mixed into the output." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/noise/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">noise dominates the low-frequency range, as shown in Figure 6.

This is the trend of technology. As more advanced devices emerge in the future, our knowledge in suppressing the associated NoiseA measure of undesired noise mixed into the output." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/noise/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">noise must also evolve.

As I was writing this article, I realized I was gradually stepping into power converter design territory. I don’t want to step on power electronics engineers’ toes, but there are many considerations when designing a power converter. Designing a FilterAn algorithm or device for removing part(s) of a signal." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/filter/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">filter with a specific cut-off frequency is not always straightforward; a power converter FilterAn algorithm or device for removing part(s) of a signal." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/filter/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">filter must work with the converter control loop.

To simplify for Electromagnetic Compatibility [EMC]The branch of electrical sciences which studies the unintentional generation, propagation and reception of electromagnetic energy with reference to the unwanted effects (electromagnetic interference, or EMI) that such energy may induce." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/electromagnetic-compatibility/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">EMC engineers who don’t design power converters: a control loop, often consisting of a feedback loop (typically a voltage loop) and/or a feedforward loop (often a current loop), is designed to stabilize the circuit so the power converter can supply well-regulated power under various load conditions. These loops ensure stable operation even with step changes in load. Power electronics engineers design the loop based on the power converter circuit’s transfer function together with the FilterAn algorithm or device for removing part(s) of a signal." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/filter/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">filter transfer function.

A simple controller may have a proportional-integral design (what we call a PI controller). The proportional and integral gains (Kp and Ki) need to consider the FilterAn algorithm or device for removing part(s) of a signal." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/filter/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">filter transfer function to achieve the desired GainThe ratio between the magnitude of output and input signals." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/gain/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">gain margin and phase margin. This means the cut-off frequency of the FilterAn algorithm or device for removing part(s) of a signal." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/filter/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">filter needs to be adjusted. Therefore, the FilterAn algorithm or device for removing part(s) of a signal." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/filter/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">filter’s transfer function affects the loop design. It doesn’t necessarily deteriorate the loop design, but it does make the design more challenging, requiring compromises, as with all engineering tasks.

As usual, a FilterAn algorithm or device for removing part(s) of a signal." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/filter/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">filter design must also meet size, weight, and, perhaps most importantly, cost requirements.

There are switching schemes that can reduce the switching events for power converters, such as discontinuous space vector ModulationThe process of varying one or more properties of a periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with a modulating signal which typically contains information to be transmitted." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/modulation/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">modulation schemes (typically employed in three-phase power applications and motor drives). Other schemes aim to reduce the common mode voltage by cleverly selecting the switching vectors (again, a subset of space vector modulations). Such switching schemes can also be employed in multi-level converters. One can simply search the keywords, and there are abundant resources in the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers [IEEE]A professional association that is dedicated to advancing technological innovation and excellence." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/institute-of-electrical-and-electronics-engineers/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">IEEE database.

Having spent four years developing such switching schemes myself, I have mixed feelings about them. On an academic level, the idea is certainly sound. However, I have rarely seen such schemes used in industrial applications for various reasons. Perhaps the benefit of using a complicated switching scheme is compromised when it comes to real-life engineering. The complexity of implementing such schemes (not so much in computing power, but in ease of implementation for engineers) is also a reason why they are not popular.

Spread spectrum can be implemented even in the simplest converter topology (such as a buck converter). The idea of not using a fixed switching frequency spreads the energy out, resulting in reduced signal measured in any one BandwidthThe range of frequencies an electronic signal uses on a given transmission medium; the width of a frequency range in the electromagnetic spectrum." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/bandwidth/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">bandwidth. It should be noted that such techniques can either result in low-frequency NoiseA measure of undesired noise mixed into the output." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/noise/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">noise improvement or high-frequency NoiseA measure of undesired noise mixed into the output." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/noise/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">noise suppression, sometimes both, depending on the software schemes that engineers employ.

Figure 7 demonstrates the conducted emission improvement a spread spectrum technique can achieve on a dual active bridge-based DC-DC converter. Reference [10] demonstrates the high-frequency (radiated emission) improvement by utilizing the spread spectrum scheme. However, as it was rightly pointed out in [7], such techniques are fine for passing the Electromagnetic Compatibility [EMC]The branch of electrical sciences which studies the unintentional generation, propagation and reception of electromagnetic energy with reference to the unwanted effects (electromagnetic interference, or EMI) that such energy may induce." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/electromagnetic-compatibility/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">EMC test, but when it comes to protecting a real-life victim, such as a broadcast television, the spread spectrum technique can still potentially cause TVI. I also agree with the argument stated in [7], where the author suggests that with FFT or time-domain type receivers, we should perhaps revisit the emission tests (which always measure the NoiseA measure of undesired noise mixed into the output." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/noise/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">noise with a fixed BandwidthThe range of frequencies an electronic signal uses on a given transmission medium; the width of a frequency range in the electromagnetic spectrum." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/bandwidth/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">bandwidth).

I Amplitude Modulation [AM]One of the principal methods of transmitting audio, visual, or other types of information using radio waves, the relevant signal being superimposed onto a radio-frequency carrier wave. The frequency of the carrier wave remains unchanged but its amplitude is varied in accordance with the amplitude of the input signal." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/amplitude-modulation/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">am a practical engineer who works almost entirely with industrial partners, so my approach to solving Electromagnetic Interference [EMI]Disturbance that affects an electrical circuit due to either electromagnetic induction or electromagnetic radiation emitted from an external source." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/electromagnetic-interference/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">EMI NoiseA measure of undesired noise mixed into the output." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/noise/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">noise is very practical. However, I have also spent my fair share of years in academia, keeping my ears open for potential technological breakthroughs. I have always had a great interest in active filters.

In the past, active filters were primarily used to counter low-frequency magnetic fields [11]. One could also say that the power factor correction technique, widely used in AC-DC applications, is also a form of active FilterAn algorithm or device for removing part(s) of a signal." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/filter/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">filter. Attempts were made to address higher frequency spectra (both conducted and radiated regions), but they never gained traction. In the year 2023, Texas Instruments introduced active FilterAn algorithm or device for removing part(s) of a signal." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/filter/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">filter solutions for both single and three-phase industrial applications [12], detailed in [13]. We are still waiting for more case studies on this chip, and I personally plan to work with it to assess its potential.

Other techniques are also available, forming part of my ongoing research, which I hope to share with the audience in the near future. In conclusion, I believe active filters will eventually find their market, given the advancements in technology.

In this first part of our series on FilterAn algorithm or device for removing part(s) of a signal." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/filter/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">filter designs for switched power converters, we’ve laid the groundwork by exploring the essential aspects of Electromagnetic Compatibility [EMC]The branch of electrical sciences which studies the unintentional generation, propagation and reception of electromagnetic energy with reference to the unwanted effects (electromagnetic interference, or EMI) that such energy may induce." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/electromagnetic-compatibility/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">EMC and Electromagnetic Interference [EMI]Disturbance that affects an electrical circuit due to either electromagnetic induction or electromagnetic radiation emitted from an external source." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/electromagnetic-interference/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">EMI requirements, the operation of switched power converters, and the fundamental principles of FilterAn algorithm or device for removing part(s) of a signal." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/filter/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">filter design. Understanding these core concepts is crucial for effectively managing emissions and ensuring compliance with regulatory standards. By delving into both the buck and flyback converter circuits, we highlighted their significance in power conversion and the common challenges faced in their design.

As technology continues to evolve with advancements like wide bandgap semiconductors, staying abreast of these changes is vital. Future articles will build on this foundation, offering deeper insights into specific design strategies and practical solutions for overcoming Electromagnetic Interference [EMI]Disturbance that affects an electrical circuit due to either electromagnetic induction or electromagnetic radiation emitted from an external source." href="https://incompliancemag.com/terms/electromagnetic-interference/" data-mobile-support="0" data-gt-translate-attributes="[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]" tabindex="0" role="link">EMI challenges in switched power converter applications.

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